MAKING FUEL FROM PLASTIC WASTE
In News, why?
This year’s campaign, #BeatPlasticPollution, emphasises the critical need for global solutions to tackle the widespread issue of plastic pollution as the globe celebrates the 50th anniversary of globe Environment Day on June 5. A variety of technologies are being supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) in an effort to combat the problem of plastic pollution on a global scale. They created a pilot size mobile plant that turns plastic trash into fuel by concentrating on reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic waste.
Describe plastic.
About:
The word plastic refers to a variety of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials generated from polymers, which are distinguished by their plasticity and capacity to undergo deformation. The word plastic is derived from the Greek word plastikos, which means “capable of being shaped or moulded.” Modern plastics are typically made from chemicals derived from fossil fuels, such as natural gas or petroleum, while they can also be made from renewable resources, such as derivatives of corn or cotton. Commodity plastics, a term used to refer to six key polymer kinds, account for around 70% of the world’s plastic manufacturing. These consist of:
PET, or polyethylene terephthalate
HDPE, short for high-density polyethylene
PVC, or polyvinyl chloride
LDPE, short for low-density polyethylene
PP, or polypropylene
PS or polystyrene
Various Plastics.
Each of these has unique characteristics, and you can tell which one it is by looking for the resin identification code (RIC), which is represented by symbols on plastic goods.
Resin Identification Code: What is it?
The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) created RIC in 1988.
Designed to make efficient plastic recycling and sorting possible.
Each RIC is associated with a particular kind of resin that is utilised in a plastic product.
According to RIC, proper recycling maintains the product’s value.
After 20 years, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), a global organisation, took over management of RIC.
RIC only applies to plastic; it does not apply to glass, paper, or any other recyclables.
Microplastics:
Microplastics are plastic granules with a diameter of less than five millimetres. While secondary microplastics are produced as a result of the breakdown of larger plastic objects, primary microplastics are tiny particles created for commercial use, such as in cosmetics or textiles. Due to the hazardous substances they contain, microplastics are persistent in the environment and pose health risks through polluting the food chain, water sources, and air.
Impact and Decomposition Rate:
Plastics decompose slowly, which causes them to accumulate in natural environments. Plastics fracture into tiny particles rather than decomposing into safe compounds, which contributes to the existence of microplastics. The most current estimates made globally indicate that an average person consumes at least 50,000 microplastic particles annually as a result of air, water, and food chain contamination. Microplastics are made of harmful compounds, with BPA (bisphenol A) posing the greatest risk to human health. BPA, a chemical used to harden plastic, contaminates food and beverages and has a negative impact on brain function, insulin resistance, foetal development, and the reproductive system.
Note:
The highest concentration of plastic rubbish was created by convergent ocean currents and is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP), also known as the trash vortex, and is situated in the North Pacific Ocean between California and Japan.
How is Plastic Made Into Fuel?
Mobile Plant at Pilot Scale:
A vehicle-mounted mobile plant has been created using a process that was devised locally. Through a lax process known as ICT-Poly Urja, the factory transforms several types of plastic trash into carbon-densified HC-Oil (Hydrocarbon Oil). The Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) Mumbai created ICT Poly Urja. The low-cost conversion of plastic waste into fuel is made possible by the availability of a selective, recyclable, reusable, and affordable catalyst.
Process ICT-Poly Urja:
Bottles and other packaging materials among other sorts of plastic garbage are gathered and sorted. The used plastic trash is combined with a unique chemical known as Cu@TiO2 catalyst. The plastic gets broken down into smaller molecules with the aid of this catalyst. Under moderate heat, the plastic waste and catalyst mixture is heated. This indicates that it doesn’t need really high temperatures. Catalytic Thermo Liquefaction, or CTL, is a chemical process that the heated plastic waste passes through. Through this procedure, plastic waste is transformed into a material known as hydrocarbon oil (HC-Oil). The resulting fuel, known as HC-Oil, can be applied in a number of ways. It has a lot of energy and when burned, it can produce heat, steam, or even electricity.
Effective and portable:
When compared to conventional techniques like pyrolysis and gasification, the CTL process uses less energy.
The energy efficiency benefits from moderate operating conditions.
Operational advantages are provided by the mobile plant placed on a vehicle.
How does India deal with the issues around plastic waste?
National Dashboard for the Management of Plastic Waste and the Elimination of Single Use Plastic.
Amendment Rules for Plastic Waste Management, 2022.
Pact for India’s Plastics.
Initiative REPLAN.
Previous Year Questions for the UPSC Civil Services Exam (PYQ)
- Why are ‘microbeads’ released into the environment causing such concern? (2019)
(A) Marine habitats are thought to be harmed by them.
(b) It is believed that they contribute to childhood skin cancer.
(c) The crops in irrigated fields can absorb them since they are tiny enough.
(d) It is frequently discovered that they are employed as food additives.
Ans: (a)
Exp:
Microbeads are produced plastic particles that are less than 5mm in size, are solid, and do not break down or dissolve in water. Microbeads are typically constructed of polyethylene, although petrochemical polymers like polystyrene and polypropylene can also be used to make them. They can be included in a variety of goods, including as rinse-off cosmetics, personal care items, and cleaning supplies. Due to their small size, microbeads slip past the sewage treatment system unfiltered and end up in the water bodies. The marine species consume the untreated microbeads in the water bodies, causing toxicity and harming the marine ecosystem. Netherland was the first nation to outlaw cosmetic microbeads in 2014.
As a result, choice (a) is the appropriate response.
Origin: PIB
SERBIA-KOSOVO CONFLICT
In News, why?
More than 60 people were hurt in a recent conflict between Serbian demonstrators and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) forces in Kosovo. The level of violence is the highest seen in the area in almost a decade.
What is the root of the current conflict?
The greater ethnic and political split between ethnic Serbs and Albanians frequently causes conflicts in northern Kosovo. The majority-Serb ethnic group in northern Kosovo made an effort to prevent Albanian mayors from taking over municipal governments. Local elections in April 2023 saw a boycott by Serbs, which led to a low participation of fewer than 3.5%. Serbs condemned the election results as fraudulent.
What causes the conflict between Serbia and Kosovo?
Geography:
Serbia: Located in eastern Europe, Serbia is a landlocked nation that borders Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
Kosovo: To the southwest of Serbia, bordering North Macedonia, Albania, and Montenegro, is the small landlocked nation of Kosovo. Kosovo is seen by many Serbs as the cradle of their nation.
Serbia does not accept Kosovo’s 2008 declaration of independence as a separate state.
Ethnic Origins:
Serbs and Albanians, who come from many racial and religious backgrounds, have lived in Kosovo for millennia.
Kosovo has 1.8 million residents, 92% of whom are Albanian and only 6% are Serbian. Bosniaks, Gorans, Turks, and Roma make up the remainder.
The majority of Serbs in Kosovo are Eastern Orthodox Christians, while the majority of Albanians are Muslims. Bosnians and Turks are two further minority groups. In Kosovo, Albanians are the majority, whilst Serbs make up the majority in Serbia.
The Kosovo War:
The Battle of Kosovo in 1389 between the Serbian prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic and the Ottoman Sultan Murad Hudavendigar is regarded by Serbian nationalists as a turning point in their struggle for independence. On the other hand, the ethnic Albanian majority in Kosovo believes that the country is theirs and accuses Serbia of occupying and oppressing them.
The breakup of Yugoslavia:
The region of the Balkans that presently includes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia was formally known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) with Belgrade as its capital from 1945 following the end of World War II until 1992. Kosovo and Vojvodina were independent provinces that belonged to Serbia. Yugoslavia broke up as the Soviet Union fell apart, with each republic becoming a separate nation. The first to break away was Slovenia in 1991. In Yugoslavia, the central government began to lose strength in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and nationalism began to reawaken. Political leaders took advantage of nationalist rhetoric, weakening Yugoslav unity and fostering distrust and fear among ethnic groupings. To oppose Serbian control, ethnic Albanian separatists established the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) in 1998.
NATO intervention:
After Serbia’s harsh response, NATO stepped in and launched a 78-day bombing war against Kosovo and Serbia. Serbia decided to pull back its troops from Kosovo, which led to the repatriation of Albanian refugees and the eviction of numerous Serbs who feared retaliation. Kosovo was placed under international administration in June 1999, although its ultimate status has not been decided. The UN tribunal has charged several Serbian officials, including President Miloevi, with war crimes.
What is Kosovo’s current state?
Despite Kosovo’s 2008 declaration of independence, Serbia continues to view it as an essential component of its territory. While the US, the majority of the EU, Japan, and Australia do recognise Kosovo as an independent nation, other nations including India, China, and Russia do not. Out of the 193 UN member states, 99 now acknowledge Kosovo’s independence.
What was India’s position regarding the Kosovo Staus?
India contends that Kosovo does not meet the three criteria for recognition: a clearly defined territory, a lawfully elected government, and effective control over a sphere of government. The membership of Kosovo in organisations like UNESCO, the Apostille Convention, the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, and the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units has been contested by India. The reason India does not recognise Kosovo is because it has a long-standing relationship with Serbia and supports its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for the UPSC Civil Services Exam
- Think about these pairs: (2023)
Regiona is frequently referenced in the news for its purpose there
- Ituri and North Kivu: Armenia-Azerbaijani conflict
- Mozambique’s insurgency in Nagorno-Karabakh
- Israel and Lebanon are at odds, as seen in Kherson and Zaporizhzhia.
How many of the aforementioned pairs are a match?
One only (a)
(b) Two only
- c) All three
(d) None
Ans: (d)
Exp:
The Republic of Congo has ties to the Ituri and Kivu regions. With the genocidal killing of 800,000 Rawandan Tutsis and Hutus, a war between the Republic of Congo and Rawanda began in 1994. As a result, pair 1 is mismatched.
Southwest Azerbaijan contains the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. It is used to refer to the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, a self-declared nation whose independence is not recognised internationally, as well as to an autonomous oblast (province) of the former Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (S.S.R.). The soldiers of the self-declared Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh currently control around 2,700 square miles (7,00 square km), whereas the prior autonomous region covered about 1,700 square miles (4,400 square km). As a result, pair 2 is mismatched.
Both Kherson and Zaporizhzhia have ties to Ukraine and the conflict between that country and Russia. As a result, pair 3 is mismatched.
Origin: IE
IRENA APPLAUDS INDIA’S GROWTH IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
In News, why?
India has made exceptional success in increasing its renewable energy capacity, according to a recent report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) titled “Low-cost finance for energy transition.” India’s accomplishments are labelled as “unprecedented” in the report.
What are the Report’s Key Highlights?
Unprecedented Growth in the Sector of Renewable Energy:
National Objectives:
India wants to reach 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 (100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind), and 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
Net-zero Objective:
By 2070, India wants to have net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases, which will cost an estimated $10 trillion in investment.
The attractiveness of renewable energy:
India showed its dedication to the development of renewable energy by placing third on the index in 2021.
Solar and wind energy foundation
India has the fourth-largest global base of solar and wind energy, which is expanding quickly.
Framework for Supportive Policies:
The fulfilment of national goals has been significantly aided by the comprehensive policies of the Indian government.
Positive contributions made by IREDA:
Projects for Financing Renewable Energy:
Through providing financing to companies, IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency) has been instrumental in putting into operation about 20 GW of renewable energy capacity.
Obtaining Capital from the Private Sector:
Investment in the private sector is attracted by green bonds, which lowers the cost of funding for green initiatives. India has issued $18.3 billion worth of green bonds overall, with a record $7 billion issuance in 2021.
Leading-edge technologies
Through creative financing strategies, IREDA has supported new technologies such battery energy storage systems, green hydrogen electrolysers, e-mobility, and waste-to-energy.
enabling government
Securing Sovereign Bonds:
In order to lower overall bond yields, the Indian government issues sovereign bonds to diminish the quantity of nongreen bonds.
Investor involvement
The majority of the bonds were bought by local banks and insurance companies, with minor participation from foreign banks.
Benefits of Regulation:
Green bond investments are categorised as infrastructure investments by insurance companies and count towards the Reserve Bank of India’s mandated liquidity ratio.
Route Completely Accessible to Foreign Investors:
Investment in sovereign green bonds is permitted at any level because they fall under the category of specified securities.
Describe IRENA.
About:
It is an intergovernmental institution that was formally established in January 2009 in Bonn, Germany. India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA, which currently has 167 members overall. In Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, it is headquartered.
Major Purposes:
It assists nations in making the transition to a sustainable energy future and serves as the main forum for international collaboration, a centre of excellence, and a database of knowledge on renewable energy policy, technology, resources, and finances. In order to achieve sustainable development, energy access, energy security, and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity, it encourages the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all renewable energy sources, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar, and wind energy.
Describe IREDA.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has administrative supervision over the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), a Mini Ratna (Category- I) Government of India Enterprise. IREDA is a Public Limited Government Company founded as a Non-Banking Financial Institution in 1987 engaged in promoting, developing, and extending financial assistance for setting up projects relating to new and renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation. “ENERGY FOR EVER” is the company’s motto.
Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for the UPSC Civil Services Exam
Prelims:
Which of the following statements about the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) is true? (2015)
- A public limited government company, that is.
- It is a financial non-banking organisation.
Using the code below, choose the right response:
(a) 1 alone
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 together
None of 1 or 2 (d)
Ans: (c)
Exp:
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is in charge of the administration of the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), a Mini Ratna (category-I) GoI company. It is a Public Limited Government Company that was founded in 1987 as a Non-Banking Financial Institution and is dedicated to advancing, creating, and providing financial assistance for the establishment of initiatives connected to new and renewable sources of energy. As a result, statements 1 and 2 are true.
Mains:
- India has a significant amount of solar energy potential, notwithstanding regional differences in its growth. Develop (2020)
Origin: Th
THIRD HWG MEETING UNDER INDIA’S G20 PRESIDENCY
In News, why?
The persistent threat of pandemics and the urgent need for international cooperation in the health sector were both underscored at the recent Third Health Working Group conference in Hyderabad, Telangana, held under the G20 India Presidency. India made a number of significant recommendations, highlighting the significance of global vaccine research and development, integrated surveillance systems, medical countermeasures, and digital health initiatives.
What are India’s main suggestions for international cooperation in the field of health?
In order to bring together ongoing projects in the use of technology in the field of global health, India suggested a Global Initiative on Digital Health, a WHO-managed network. This effort can help close the global digital divide and guarantee that all people have access to the benefits of technology. establishing a global medical countermeasure (MCM) ecosystem ecosystem. creation of a temporary platform for the global medical countermeasure (MCM) ecosystem, governed by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) procedure. advocating against restrictions on intellectual property rights that prevent people from accessing emergency medical care. boosting pandemic preparedness measures and accelerating vaccine research and development (R&D) for new infections. establishing a global vaccine research collaborative to fill vaccine development gaps, improve coordination, and create a climate that is conducive to vaccine R&D. stressing equitable access to medical tests, medications, and immunisations
emergencies. mapping and integrating international projects to facilitate crisis-time planning and decision-making. tackling the problems associated with zoonotic disease spillover from animals to humans.
What health-related G20 priorities does India have?
About:
India is known as the “Pharmacy of the World,” and it contributes significantly to the production of vaccines worldwide. Close to 33% of the world’s vaccine manufacturing is produced by Genome Valley in Hyderabad alone. Ayurveda and yoga, both from India, are important practises that promote holistic wellbeing.
Priorities:
Digital Public Infrastructure: India wants to use its expertise in creating digital platforms like Aadhaar, CoWIN, and Aarogya Setu to improve everyone’s access to, affordability of, and access to high-quality health care. India also plans to assist other G20 nations in establishing their own digital public infrastructure for health by sharing with them its best practises and lessons learned.
Health Security: India intends to collaborate with the other G20 nations to improve the architecture for global health security and assure readiness for upcoming pandemics. In order to improve their responsiveness, transparency, and accountability, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and other global organisations will get funding from India.
India will advocate for the Sustainable Development Goals’ (SDGs) target of achieving universal health coverage (UHC) by the year 2030. Additionally, India will highlight its successes in increasing health coverage through initiatives like the Ayushman Bharat Yojna and will nudge other G20 nations to enact similar measures that can enhance health outcomes and lessen poverty.
What are the risks to the global health sector that these challenges present?
Inadequate Practitioners and Infrastructure: Many nations, especially those in low-income areas, do not have enough physicians, hospitals, and diagnostic centres. This restricts their ability to offer the populace timely, high-quality healthcare services. Both doctors and facilities continue to be key shortages in India’s rural healthcare system. According to the Rural Health Statistics 2021–2022, there is a deficit of 83.2% of surgeons, 74.2% of obstetricians and gynaecologists, 79.1% of doctors, and 81.6% of paediatricians.
Outbreaks of Infectious Disease: The resurgence and emergence of infectious diseases constitute a serious threat to world health. The Covid-19 pandemic and the Ebola outbreaks are two recent examples.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Antimicrobial Resistance lowers the efficiency of medications, making it more challenging or impossible to treat infections and disorders. One of the top 10 worldwide public health hazards to humanity, according to WHO, is AMR.
Recall that AMR happens when microbes including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi evolve and become resistant to the medications used to treat them. Although it can develop gradually over time, overusing and abusing antimicrobial medications hastens the process.
Climate Change Hazard: Clean air, safe drinking water, a plentiful supply of wholesome food, and a secure place to live are all at risk from climate change. Extreme weather events like drought and flooding are made worse by climate change, and these occurrences lead to greater food insecurity, higher rates of malnutrition, and the spread of infectious diseases.
Increasing Commercialization: Although healthcare commercialization promises improved infrastructure, medical facilities, and technological improvement, poor and middle-class individuals are unable to pay it due to exorbitant costs. This goes against the fundamental notion of improving the healthcare system. Additionally, doctors work with pharmaceutical firms for financial gain to recommend branded medications that have the same active ingredients as generic ones but are more expensive, which restricts access to timely therapy.
Way ahead
Global Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Healthcare practitioners, researchers, and institutions need to be encouraged to collaborate and share knowledge internationally. This can speed up the creation of novel treatments and therapies, foster innovation, and make it easier to spread best practises.
Genetic monitoring: Understanding the evolution of various disease carriers around the world, particularly viruses, may be possible through genetic monitoring. By using a molecular method for contact tracing and comprehending the pathogen’s global circulation, genetic surveillance of pathogens offers insights.
Patient Empowerment and Engagement: By enabling people to actively participate in the management of their health, patient-centric care must be prioritised. To improve treatment adherence and outcomes, give patients access to tools and services that encourage health literacy, permit self-monitoring, and ease patient-provider contact.
In order to ensure better preparedness and a more equitable response for upcoming pandemics, as well as to advance the principles of equity, solidarity, and health for all, the WHO has now started the process for the development and adoption of a new international treaty. This was done in recognition of the need to further strengthen international cooperation in the health sector.
Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for the UPSC Civil Services Exam
Prelims
Q.1 Take into account the following claims on the G-20: (2023)
- Finance ministers and central bank governors originally used the G20 group as a forum to address global economic and financial issues.
- India’s G-20 priorities include investing in digital public infrastructure.
Which of the aforementioned statements is true?
(a) 1 alone
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 2 together
None of 1 or 2 (d)
Ans: C
Q.2 The organisation ‘Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières)’ is (2016)
a department of the World Health Organisation
(b) an international non-governmental organisation
(c) An international organisation supported by the European Union
- d) a United Nations specialised agency
Ans: (b)
Mains
Q.1 To achieve ‘Health for All’ in India, appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is required. Describe (2018)
Q.2 The provision of universal health coverage is constrained by the public health system. Do you believe the private sector could contribute to closing the gap? What other strong options can you offer? (2015)
Origin: PIB
INDIA’S OUTLOOK AND THE MOMENTUM OF WORLD TRADE
In News, why?
In April 2023, India’s merchandise exports fell by 12.7% from the previous year to a six-month low of USD 34.66 billion. Similar to exports, imports too saw a significant drop of 14%, totaling USD 49.90 billion, over the same time period. These decreases in imports and exports, which are indicative of a broader trend of sluggish global demand, are not specific to India.
What are the current global trade trends?
Insufficient Economic Activity:
Global economic growth has slowed down, which has had a detrimental effect on commerce. Trade volumes have been impacted by weaker economic conditions in numerous nations, which have affected consumer spending and investment.
A tightening of monetary policies and inflation:
Rising inflation is a problem in many nations, which has caused central banks to tighten monetary policy. Reduced consumer purchasing power and higher borrowing costs for firms are two ways that higher interest rates and tougher lending criteria might have an impact on commerce.
Supply Chain Breakdowns Caused by the Russia-Ukraine Conflict:
Supply networks, notably in Europe, have been interrupted by the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Energy and commodity prices have increased as a result of this dispute, impacting commerce and driving up expenses for enterprises.
monetary instability
Financial instability has been brought on by the failure of financial institutions including the Crypto exchange FTX and many US banks. This decline in financial sector confidence can have a detrimental effect on international trade and raises questions about potential contagion.
How have trade relations been doing in the US, Europe, and India?
The European Union
According to the European Economic Forecast released in February 2023, the region will narrowly avoid a recession that had begun to form about September 2022. In May 2022, the price increases for food, alcohol, and cigarettes in the Euro area were the highest on an annual basis. Energy, non-energy industrial items, and services came next.
The US:
In May 2023, the Federal Reserve reported that inflation in the United States has decreased since the middle of the previous year. Although inflation pressures are still high, it will likely take some time before they reach the intended target of 2%. For the third consecutive month, the JP Morgan Global Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) remained at 49.6, indicating a minor deterioration in business conditions. For four months, production increased, although this was primarily because current orders were being filled rather than new ones.
Indications for India:
After the US and China, the EU is India’s third-largest commercial partner. The demand prognosis for the coming few months is not encouraging because to the unfavourable global demand from economies like the EU and the US. A worldwide recession may have an impact on India, particularly in the US, one of its main trading partners. India’s export demand for goods may be impacted by the downturn, however services exports are anticipated to remain robust. As commodity prices stabilise and the value of the Indian rupee holds stable, import volumes could remain modest. A quicker rebound, though, would put pressure on import demand.
In the prior fiscal year 2022–2023, some non–crude and non–jewelry segments experienced growth of 15%, above the long-term average increase. This suggests that India’s domestic demand is still strong. Oil prices remaining steady, which have decreased India’s import costs, are to blame for the decline in imports.
How does a slowdown in the economy affect global trade and people’s purchasing power?
Due to the overall drop in demand for products and services during an economic downturn, both imports and exports see considerable decreases. People generally try to avoid making discretionary purchases, which has an effect on postponable expenses and some imports. As a result, in 2023, exports of engineering items, gemstones and jewellery, chemicals, ready-to-wear apparel, plastics, and petroleum products shrank or expanded more slowly. People’s purchasing power is reduced by inflation, the uneven rise in costs, especially for necessities like food and energy. People might choose imports, though, if they are less expensive than domestic options. The purchasing power of an individual is also influenced by the exchange rate between currencies. Inflation also has an impact on the movement of money to emerging nations.
Way ahead
In order to address this scenario, the government should hold conversations between ministries to investigate how to diversify and keep up the momentum of exports. It is vital to acknowledge that some non-crude and non-jewelry segments have showed substantial growth, showing robust domestic demand, in order to allay worries about decreasing imports. This gives the Indian economy a promising future. Low import levels can be maintained with the aid of commodity price stability and the value of the Indian rupee. To maintain economic growth, it’s critical to keep an eye on world economic conditions, modify export tactics to target growing markets, and keep fostering local demand.
Previous Year Exam Questions for the UPSC Civil Services Exam:
- Take into account the following claims: (2023)
Statement-I: Several Central Banks throughout the world raised interest rates in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic.
Statement-II: In general, central banks believe they can use monetary policy to halt the rise in consumer prices.
Regarding the aforementioned claims, which of the following is true?
(a) Statement-II is the proper explanation for Statement-1, and Statement-I and Statement-II are both true.
(b) Statement-II is not the proper answer for Statement-1 and neither Statement-I nor Statement-II are incorrect.
(c) While Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(d) While Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
Ans: (a)
Exp:
To control the post-pandemic inflation, many Central Banks throughout the world raised interest rates in the recent past. For instance, the Monetary Policy Committee (RBI) has repeatedly sought rate increases since May 2022. As a result, statement 1 is true. The duty of limiting the rise in commodity prices normally falls under the purview of the central banks. Monetary policy is used by central banks to control economic turbulence and achieve price stability. As a result, Statement 2 is true.
Origin: TH
DEMO OF HELICOPTER NAVIGATION USING GAGAN SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
In News, why?
By executing Asia’s first performance-based helicopter navigation demonstration, India made tremendous progress in the aviation industry. The test, which made use of cutting-edge GAGAN satellite technology, was held in preparation for a flight from Mumbai’s Juhu to Pune.
Performance-Based Navigation: What Is It?
PBN, a cutting-edge idea in air navigation, enables aircraft to fly precisely along a predetermined route utilising cutting-edge onboard navigation equipment and satellite signals. By lowering the reliance on ground-based navigation aids and enabling more adaptable flight paths, PBN increases the safety, efficiency, and capacity of air traffic management.
GAGAN Satellite Technology: What Is It?
About:
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Airports Authority of India (AAI) have collaboratively developed GAGAN, which stands for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation.
Features:
By providing local geographic positioning, the system improves the precision of aircraft location for more effective traffic management, increasing the output of GPS navigation’s accuracy. By correcting the mistakes brought on by clock drifts, orbital variations, and atmospheric disturbances, it improves the accuracy and integrity of the GPS signals. The use of guided landing at airports without instrument landing systems for low-visibility operations is also made possible thanks to satellite technology.
Benefits:
Enhanced safety: GAGAN lowers the chance of pilot error, crashes, terrain impacts, and controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) mishaps by delivering accurate and trustworthy navigation information. For pilots and air traffic controllers, it also enhances situational awareness and emergency reaction skills.
Enhanced effectiveness: GAGAN permits more effective use of airspace and fuel, which reduces emissions and operational costs. This is made possible by enabling optimal flight paths and laxer separation regulations.
Increased capacity: GAGAN improves the capacity and connectivity of the aviation network by increasing the number of flights that may be handled in a specific airspace. Additionally, it makes it possible to reach isolated, underdeveloped locations with difficult terrain or a lack of standard navigational infrastructure. GAGAN will also assist all other forms of transportation, such as highways, trains, and maritime, in addition to aviation.
Previous Year Questions (PYQ) for the UPSC Civil Services Exam
Which of the following nations has a satellite navigation system of its own? (2023)
- Australia
- Canada
- Israel
- Japan
Ans: (d)
Q.2 Take into consideration the following comments in relation to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS): (2018)
- IRNSS has three geostationary satellites and four geosynchronous satellites.
- IRNSS covers around 5500 square miles of India. km outside its boundaries.
- By the middle of 2019, India will have its own satellite navigation system with complete worldwide coverage.
Which of the aforementioned statements is true?
(a) 1 alone
(b) Only 1 and 2
just (c) 2 and 3
(d) None
Ans: (a)
Mains
What is the necessity for the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)? In what ways is navigation aided? (2018)
Origin: HT
POLICY FOR NATIONAL E-COMMERCE
In News, why?
A national e-commerce policy is about to be unveiled by the Indian government with the intention of fostering the growth of the industry and boosting exports. The e-commerce strategy was originally suggested in 2018 and a draught was made public in 2019. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry’s Department for the Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) emphasised the importance of modern technology advancements, a streamlined regulatory environment, and effective supply chain integration.
What are the Important Points Regarding the New E-Commerce Policy?
Aim:
The national e-commerce policy seeks to create a legal environment that makes doing business in the industry simpler.
Increasing Exports
The policy acknowledges the significant export potential of the Indian e-commerce industry. India’s e-commerce export potential is predicted to reach 200 to 300 billion USD yearly by 2030. India wants to take advantage of the 2 trillion USD in predicted worldwide cross-border e-commerce exports by 2025.
FDI and regulatory bodies:
Although the idea of creating a regulator for the e-commerce industry is being discussed, its implementation might take some time. Local trade organisations have pushed for a strong regulatory authority to uphold e-commerce regulations and prevent infractions. The marketplace model allows 100% foreign direct investment (FDI), whereas the inventory-based approach does not.
Taking Care of Traders’ Concerns
Tradespeople have complained that practises such giving certain merchants preferential treatment and offering steep discounts violate e-commerce regulations. With the policy, the regulations regulating FDI in e-commerce will be made clearer and more transparent. For consistency, the e-commerce policy will be matched with the Consumer Protection (e-commerce) Rules 2020 and any suggested revisions.
Encompassing Framework
The e-commerce policy will act as the industry’s overarching framework, providing consistency among the numerous governing measures. The FDI policy, the Consumer Protection Act of 2019, the Information Technology Act of 2000, and the Competition Act of 2002 all regulate this industry. The policy intends to simplify these rules and establish a favourable environment for the development of the e-commerce sector.
What are the other related e-commerce initiatives of the Indian government?
Introducing the BharatNet initiative:
Every Panchayat should have internet access, as this would expand e-commerce’s accessibility and reach in rural areas.
(ONDC) Open Network for Digital Commerce
a network that seeks to democratise e-commerce by giving Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Businesses (MSME) equal opportunities to succeed in it
Initiative for a Digital India:
Other government-led programmes, such as Start Up India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat, which have a tremendous chance of becoming a global success, have received strong support from the Digital India effort.
Origin: FE
LIGHTNING-FAST CURRENT AFFAIRS
DISPROVING THE PALEO DIET’S HEALTH CLAIMS
Recent news stories have focused on the paleo diet as a result of ongoing discussions about its efficacy and health claims. Paleo diet proponents assert that emulating the food of our ancestors can aid in weight loss and reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. Critics counter that there is insufficient scientific data to back these claims. While excluding dairy, grains, legumes, and processed sweets, this diet places an emphasis on the consumption of whole, unprocessed foods such vegetables, fruits, nuts, and lean meats. In comparison to standard dietary recommendations, the paleo diet currently emphasises a reduced carbohydrate and higher protein intake. After two years, studies contrasting the effectiveness of the paleo diet with conventionally advised diets for weight loss found no discernible difference. Similar ambiguous findings were found in regards to the diet’s effect on type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, contrary to claims of illness protection, a study found that the paleo diet increased the amount of gut bacteria linked to cardiovascular disease. The paleo diet aims to resemble the eating habits of prehistoric humans who lived during the Palaeolithic Era. The premise behind the paleo diet is that current meals are incompatible with our biology and that our genes are evolved to the food of our ancestors. Genetic research, however, disproves this idea. Studies on lactase’s persistence and adaptations in metabolising alcohol reveal that evolution can occur within significantly shorter timeframes than the paleo diet suggests. Lactase is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of lactose, which is found in dairy products. This calls into question the underlying assumptions of the paleo diet.
MV EMPRESS, INDIA’S FIRST INTERNATIONAL CRUISE SHIP
The MV Empress, India’s first international cruise ship, was flagged off by the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways and Ayush from Chennai to Sri Lanka. With this historic occasion, Chennai’s international cruise tourism terminal was opened, demonstrating the government’s dedication to expanding cruise tourism and maritime commerce opportunities. Hanbantota, Trincomalee, and Kankesanturei are the three Sri Lankan ports that the MV Empress will visit. The cruise service is the outcome of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) that was signed in 2022 at the first Incredible India International Cruise Conference by Chennai Port and M/S Waterways Leisure Tourism Pvt Ltd. By 2024, the government hopes to have three new international cruise terminals operating in the Andamans, Puducherry, and Lakshadweep. The government projects that there would be 208 cruise ships in 2023, 500 in 2030, and as much as 1100 by 2047, with 9.5 lakh passengers in 2030 and 45 lakh passengers in 2047.
WEBSITE NYAYA VIKAS
The Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) for the Development of Infrastructure Facilities for Districts and Subordinate Judiciary, which has been in place since 1993–1994 and is being implemented by the Department of Justice, includes the Nyaya Vikas Portal. It has been created to give stakeholders simple access to vital data on funding, paperwork, project monitoring, and approval. The purpose of this CSS is to aid state governments and union territory administrations in building courthouses and housing for judges of district and subordinate courts. In addition to courtrooms and residential apartments, the plan has expanded over time to include new elements like lawyers’ hallways, lavatory complexes and digital computer rooms to improve convenience for litigants and attorneys. The Central Government and State Governments (with the exception of North Eastern and Himalayan States) fund the scheme on a 60:40 ratio. The financing split is 90:10 for the North Eastern and Himalayan States while it is 100% for Union Territories. The Nyaya Vikas Portal is essential in guaranteeing openness and accountability by keeping an eye on how this programme is being implemented.